化感物质肉桂酸乙酯对蛋白核小球藻生长及生理特性的影响

探讨了肉桂酸乙酯对蛋白核小球藻生长及生理特性的影响,从叶绿素a含量,抗氧化系酶活性,活性氧自由基(ROS)水平,丙二醛(MDA)含量以及光合活性的变化研究了其抑藻的生理生化机制.结果表明,肉桂酸乙酯对蛋白核小球藻具有快速抑制效应,随着浓度的增加抑制效果越明显.其96 h半效应浓度EC50值为5.45 mg·L-1.肉桂酸乙酯引起细胞内叶绿素a含量下降,活性氧(ROS)的过度累积和MDA含量的增加.由此,说明肉桂酸乙酯通过引起活性氧的过度产生,导致膜脂过氧化,引起藻细胞膜系统受损,代谢发生紊乱.为了清除ROS,细胞通过提高抗氧化系酶的活性来保护其免受氧化损伤.肉桂酸乙酯对蛋白核小球藻细胞光合系统Ⅱ的最大光化学量子产量和潜在活性具有一定的急性毒性效应,但随着时间的延长藻细胞可以通过自身调节在一定程度上恢复其光合活性.     

沼液培养的普通小球藻对CO2的去除

利用微藻固定CO2和处理污水已成为微藻应用的一个重要研究方向.利用营养丰富的沼气发酵废液培养小球藻,藻种经驯化后在不同浓度沼液中能良好生长.小球藻在高浓度的CO2中有较好的生长和较强的耐受能力,在1.5%CO2通气下生物量最高.在此基础上考察了沼液中小球藻对CO2的去除情况.结果表明,提高小球藻生长速率和CO2浓度可以增加小球藻对CO2的去除量,降低通气也可提高CO2去除率.在1.5%CO2浓度、通气量60 mL min-1条件下,CO2去除率可达30.61%;在10%CO2浓度、通气量100 mL min-1时最高去除量为279.7 mg L-1 h-1.采用六管串联通气培养小球藻去除粗沼气中的CO2,去除量为(205.80±13.20)mg L-1 h-1,去除率为60.32%±3.73%.在同样的通气量下,CO2的去除量与单管培养相近,去除率是单管培养的近6倍,因此小球藻对沼气中的CO2具有良好的去除效果.图4表2参17     

悬沙对小球藻生长的影响

在实验生态条件下研究了不同浓度和粒径大小的悬沙对小球藻(Chlorella sp.)生长的影响.结果发现:在泥沙与小球藻直接混合培养体系中,小球藻的种群增长可用Logistic增长模型拟合,拟合后的生长参数表明,随着悬沙浓度的增加,小球藻的环境负载能力a和种群瞬时增长率K显著减小,但到达拐点时间Tp的变化趋势在不同悬沙粒径组中存在差异.结果对于利用泥沙条件抑制水华爆发有着重要的意义.     

Cu2+对普通小球藻的光合毒性：初始藻密度的影响

为了研究Cu2+对普通小球藻的光合毒性以及初始藻密度对Cu2+光合毒性的影响,将初始密度为107mL-1的普通小球藻暴露于Cu2+的6个浓度(0、5、10、20、30和40μmol.L-1)中进行96 h的毒性暴露实验,在2、48和96 h分别利用叶绿素荧光仪(MAXI-Imaging-PAM)测定各项叶绿素荧光参数,同时,针对3个不同初始密度的普通小球藻(2×106、5×106和2×107mL-1),测定并比较了其暴露于0、20和40μmol.L-1的Cu2+12 h后,叶绿素荧光参数的变化。不同初始藻密度的毒性实验结果显示,初始藻密度为2×106mL-1时,20和40μmol.L-1Cu2+可完全抑制普通小球藻的光合作用;当初始藻密度增加到5×106和2×107mL-1时,40μmol.L-1Cu2+对普通小球藻的实际光合作用效率仅有约75%和25%的抑制。这表明初始藻密度越大,Cu2+的光合毒性越弱。但随着初始藻密度的增加,初始藻密度的变化对Cu2+光合毒性的影响减弱。初始藻密度为107mL-1时的毒性实验结果显示,暴露于20~40μmol.L-1Cu2+2 h后,普通小球藻的光合作用即受到抑制,且该抑制程度随Cu2+浓度的增加而增强,并随着暴露时间的延长有所缓解。随着Cu2+浓度的增加,最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际量子产量(Yield)、相对电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)逐渐降低,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ/4)逐渐上升。研究结果表明,Cu2+对普通小球藻的光合作用有一定的抑制作用,其机理可能为通过引起PSII系统反应中心的部分失活,导致PSII系统反应中心的开放比例减少,引起电子传递速率降低以及ATP和NADPH的合成减慢,从而使光合作用速率下降;初始藻密度对Cu2+的光合毒性大小有较大的影响,故在进行藻类的毒性实验时,也应关注初始藻密度的影响。     

藻细胞在固体表面附着特性的初步研究

针对平板式光生物反应器,以补充有碳源的SE(Brostol's solution)培养基作为普通小球藻生长的水环境,研究了载体表面粗糙度、藻细胞接种量、培养液pH值和液体流量对小球藻细胞在固体基质表面吸附特性的影响.结果表明:藻细胞在各载体表面的吸附密度均随时间进行呈现先快速增大再逐渐趋于平缓的变化趋势;在实验条件下,随载体表面粗糙度和藻液中藻细胞接种量增大,载体表面对小球藻细胞的吸附率均增大,吸附密度也增大;当藻液pH值为6左右时,小球藻在载体表面的吸附密度达到最大;液体流量为0.65 mL·min-1时,载体表面对小球藻细胞的吸附能力最强.各参数对藻细胞吸附密度影响的重要程度依次为藻细胞接种量、培养基pH值、液体流量.     

生物膜贴壁培养小球藻净化猪粪沼液废水的效果

微藻处理猪粪沼液废水是一项污水资源化生物技术.本文以小球藻为研究对象,通过贴壁培养方式,对稀释不同倍数的猪粪沼液废水进行净化处理同时提取藻细胞油脂,旨在探究小球藻贴壁培养处理猪粪沼液废水的效果,分析小球藻耐受猪粪沼液废水的氨氮浓度.将猪粪沼液废水分别稀释1倍(原水)、2倍、5倍、10倍制成培养基.测定贴壁培养小球藻对各处理组猪粪沼液废水中COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的去除效率及对重金属铜、锌、铁的富集效果,同时探究小球藻的油脂合成情况.结果表明,当猪粪沼液废水稀释5倍时,贴壁小球藻对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的净化效果最佳,其去除效率分别为:86.8%、94.1%、85.2%、84.3%;油脂含量高达32.7%;对重金属铜、锌、铁的去除效率分别为:72.9%、70.0%、73.0%;培养一个周期结束时生物产率达到4.21 g·(m~2·d)~(-1).该研究将微藻与难处理的猪粪沼液废水深度净化进行了有效的结合,为实现藻类生物燃料工艺生产及降低废水处理成本提供理论基础.     

小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)净化沼液和提纯沼气

为了研究同时提纯沼气和净化沼液的可能,利用沼液作为小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的培养基,同时把沼气中的CO2作为小球藻培养的碳源。在无菌培养条件下,得出了最适生长条件为沼液浓度50%、初始pH值6.0、接种小球藻干重为0.20 mg/mL、光质为红光。在此条件下沼液中的COD、TN、TP和BOD5的去除率分别达到了88.5%、91.2%、95.3%和87.6%,沼气中甲烷含量由原先的40%提升到60.2%。很好地同时解决了沼气品质低下和高浓度污染物沼液污染环境的问题。     

Phosphorus availability changes chromium toxicity in the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris

Chromium (Cr) is one of the most serious pollutants in aquatic systems. This study examined the relationship between the toxic effects of Cr on the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris and phosphorus (P) availability on the algal physiology and ultrastructure. Cr inhibited C. vulgaris growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and its inhibitory effect was related to the P concentration. In a low-P medium, Cr showed approximately 2.2–3.7-fold stronger toxicity than in a high-P medium. Cr was absorbed into the algal body where it disrupted the chloroplast structure and decreased the chlorophyll content. However, Cr had a weaker chlorophyll inhibitory ability and destructive power against the chloroplasts in the high-P medium than in the low-P medium due to the partial blockage of Cr absorption in high P-medium. Cr exposure also changed the metal ion and anion absorption profiles, which was also closely related to the concentration of P. Cr treatment increased the volume of the vacuole, and the larger vacuole reduced the space available for chloroplasts, as based on optical and electron microscopy results, but a higher P availability could alleviate this damage. These results suggest that high P alleviated the toxicity of Cr by decreasing Cr absorption and increasing the absorption of beneficial ions. It is, therefore, necessary to consider the phosphorus availability when the toxicity of metal compounds is evaluated.     

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr(Ⅲ)

Loofa sponge (LS) immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana (LSIBCS), isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr(Ⅲ) by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana (FBCS) from 10-300 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr(Ⅲ) ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr(Ⅲ) biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS,respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr(Ⅲ) could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order: EDTA ＞ H2SO4 ＞ CH3COOH ＞ HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr(Ⅲ) binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from wastewater.     

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Senecio</Emphasis>: ontogeny and developmental constraints

Summary. The ontogeny of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) synthesis and constraints on defence level during the seedling stage were examined in the annual Senecio vulgaris and the monocarpic perennial Senecio jacobaea. In both species, PAs were actively synthesized from the onset of seedling growth so that juvenile stages did not go through an undefended stage. Roots are known to be the exclusive sites where PAs are produced. Root biomass was the single most important biomass parameter explaining variation in total PAs per seedling. All correlation coefficients between—relative growth rate and PA concentration were negative, but none was significant. However, a significant negative—correlation was found between shoot to root ratio and PA concentration in S. jacobaeaseedlings, suggesting a dilution effect of the PAs. Earlier studies have shown that the shoot to root ratio is positively correlated with relative growth—rate of established S. jacobaea plants. It is therefore suggested that young S. jacobaea plants with a high shoot to root ratio and hence a high growth capacity necessarily have lower PA defence levels than plants with a low shoot to root ratio. Received 10 July 2002; accepted 16 November 2002.